S ARGETIA VIII 2017 SERIE NOUĂ ACTA MVSEI DEVENSIS SARGETIA VIII (XLIV) SERIE NOUĂ DEVA 2017 – Ec. Liliana Ţolaş Manager Colegiul Ştiinţific Mihai Bărbulescu Michel Feugère Arja Karivieri Ioannis Motsianos Ioan Aurel Pop Marius Porumb Richard Petrovszky Reinhard Stupperich Denis Zhuravlev Cornel Tatai-Baltă – Membru corespondent al Academiei Române, Filiala Cluj-Napoca – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5138, Lyon – Classical Archaeology and Ancient History Stockholm University – Museum of Byzantine Culture Thessalonik – Membru titular al Academiei Române, Filiala Cluj-Napoca – Membru titular al Academiei Române, Filiala Cluj-Napoca – Historisches Museum der Pfalz Speyer – Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Universität Heidelberg – The State Historical Museum Moscow – Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia Colegiul de redacţie Ioan Alexandru Bărbat Georgeta Deju Cătălin Cristescu Daniel Iosif Iancu Antoniu Tudor Marc Ionuţ Cosmin Codrea Adrian Stroia – redactor responsabil – secretar de redacţie – membru – membru – membru – membru – membru Proiectare copertă: Ionuţ Cosmin Codrea, Cristina Filcea Coperta 1: Figurină antropomorfă aparţinând culturii Turdaş, descoperită la Orăştie – Dealul Pemilor X2, din colecţia Muzeului Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane (Foto: Marius Mîndruţău) Machetare volum: Dorina-Liliana Dan, Georgeta Deju, Ioan Alexandru Bărbat ACTA MVSEI DEVENSIS Orice corespondenţă referitoare la publicaţia Sargetia se va adresa: Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane 330005 Deva, str. 1 Decembrie nr. 39, judeţul Hunedoara, România Telefon 0254 216750 Fax 0254 212200 muzeu.deva.sargetia@gmail.com www.anuarulsargetia.ro ACTA MVSEI DEVENSIS Toutes correspondance concernant la revue Sargetia doit être adressé: Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane 330005 Deva, str. 1 Decembrie nr. 39, judeţul Hunedoara, România Téléphone +4 0254 216750 Fax +4 0254 212200 muzeu.deva.sargetia@gmail.com www.anuarulsargetia.ro Responsabilitatea pentru conţinutul materialelor publicate, inclusiv a traducerii textelor, aparţine în exclusivitate autorilor. Copyright © Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane, Deva ISSN 1013 – 4255 SUMAR SOMMAIRE INHALT CONTENTS ARHEOLOGIE STUDII Beatrice Ciută, Zsolt Molnár I ARTICOLE ContribuŃii la dieta comunităŃilor Otomani. Analiza macroresturilor vegetale recuperate din situl de la Carei – Bobald ……………………………………... Contribution to the Vegetal Diet of Otomani Communities. Analysis of Macroremains Recovered from Carei – Bobald site Gică Băe tean, Valentin A. Boicea About the Second Dacian-Roman War (105-…) ….. Despre al doilea război daco-roman (105-…) Ana-Cristina Hamat VTERE FELIX Inscribed Rings Discovered in Roman Dacia …………………………………......... Inele cu inscripŃia VTERE FELIX descoperite în Dacia romană Marius Gheorghe Barbu, Ioan Alexandru Bărbat New Archaeological Information Regarding the Exploitation of Andesite in Măgura Uroiului (Hunedoara County) ...……………………………... Noi informaŃii arheologice privind exploatarea andezitului la Măgura Uroiului (jud. Hunedoara) RAPOARTE 11 29 57 71 I NOTE ARHEOLOGICE AncuŃa-Ioana Bobînă Reprezentări antropomorfe i zoomorfe neolitice i eneolitice descoperite în judeŃul Hunedoara ……….. 125 Neolithic and Eneolithic Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Representations Found in Hunedoara County Marius-Mihai Ciută O statuetă antropomorfă recent descoperită la eu a – În Grui (com. Ciugud, jud. Alba) ........................... 139 An Anthropomorphic Clay Statuette Discovered at eu a – În Grui (Ciugud Commune, Alba County) Octavian-Cristian Rogozea, Florentina MărcuŃi, Răzvan GuguŃ, Simion Câmpean A ezări CoŃofeni i Wietenberg din judeŃul Hunedoara ………………………………………….. 149 CoŃofeni and Wietenberg Settlements from Hunedoara County 4 Nicolae Cătălin Ri cuŃa Un topor aparŃinând bronzului timpuriu descoperit la Hărău (jud. Hunedoara) ............................................ 177 An Early Bronze Age Copper Axe Discovered at Hărău (Hunedoara County) Dinu Ioan Bereteu A ezarea dacică de la Cojocna .................................. The Dacian Settlement from Cojocna Mihaela Bleoancă O furcă de tors pentru deget din epoca romană descoperită la Apulum – Colonia Aurelia Apulensis .... 205 The Roman Finger Distaff Discovered at Apulum – Colonia Aurelia Apulensis Bogdan Alin Craiovan, Octavian-Cristian Rogozea, Dorel Micle, Remus Constantin Dumitru Dincă O locuire medieval timpurie pe Valea Mure ului mijlociu. Tărtăria – Situl 9 ......................................... 213 Early Medieval Habitation on the Middle Mure Valley. Tărtăria – Site 9 197 ISTORIE STUDII I ARTICOLE Viorel Câmpean Moise Sora Noac, un cărturar născut la HaŃeg, cu activitate în nordul Transilvaniei …………………... 231 Moise Sora Noac, A Scholar Born in HaŃeg, with Activity in North of Transylvania Marta Cordea Constantin Papfalvi, deputat în Dieta de la Pesta .…. 245 Papfalvi Constantin, Deputy in the Diet from Pesta Nicolae Dumbrăvescu Din „memorialistica măruntă” a RevoluŃiei de la 1848-1849 din Transilvania. Însemnări despre prefectul Legiunii Câmpiei, Nicolae VlăduŃiu …….. 261 From the “Small Memoirs” of the 1848-1849 Revolution from Transylvania. Notes About the Prefect of the Câmpia Legion, Nicolae VlăduŃiu Cristina Bodó Dealul CetăŃii Deva în administrarea SocietăŃii de Istorie i Arheologie a comitatului Hunedoara …….. 287 Dealul CetăŃii Deva in the Administration of the History and Archaeology Society of Hunedoara County 5 Minodora Damian Publicitatea vestimentară în Timi oara interbelică .... 301 Publicité des vêtements en Timi oara entre-deuxguerres Ioachim Lazăr Accidentul aviatic din zona Muntelui Găina, 23 august 1940 ...…………………………………….… 317 Das Flugunfall aus dem Bereich der Găina Gebirge 23 August 1940 Carmen Albert ContribuŃia Banatului la „Pacea de Mâine” în corespondenŃa lui Silviu Dragomir ………………… 335 Banat's Contribution to the “Peace of Tomorrow” in the Correspondence of Silviu Dragomir Eugen Mioc Lumea rurală i agricultura din Banat în primele două decenii de regim comunist (1945-1965) ….….. 347 The Rural World and the Agriculture in Banat in the Two Firsts Decades of the Communist Regime (1945-1965) Iuliu-Marius Morariu Omul din spatele Orei 25. Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu în dosarele SecurităŃii ………………….. 373 The Man Behind the 25th Hour. Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu in the Securitate Files ISTORIA CULTURII STUDII I ARTICOLE Lăcrămioara Manea Biblioteca Colegiului Sfântul Sava din Bucure ti. Încercare de reconstituire, istorie i ex-libris ...…….. 385 The Library of Saint Sava College from Bucharest. Attempt of Reconstitution, History and Ex-Libris Drago Curelea EvoluŃii funcŃionale cu privire la cunoa terea istoriei Bibliotecilor pentru popor din DespărŃământul Alba Iulia al Astrei între anii 1887-1946 ………………… 403 Functional Developments Regarding the Knowledge of History of Libraries for the People in Alba Iulia Partition of Astra in 1887-1946 Cornel Tatai-Baltă Daniel Luca Voina, un remarcabil ilustrator de carte contemporană ………………………………………. 427 Daniel Luca Voina, an Outstanding Contemporary Book Illustrator 6 CONSERVARE STUDII I RESTAURARE I ARTICOLE Sergiu-Sorin Popescu Iosif Vasile Ferencz Metamorfozele Cenu ăresei. Etapele restaurării unui vas dacic din fier …………………………………… 453 Cinderella’s Metamorphoses. The Restore Stages of a Dacian Iron Vessel Elena Manuela PătruŃescu Analiza condiŃiilor de păstrare a colecŃiei de textile etnografice din depozitul temporar al Muzeului Regiunii PorŃilor de Fier ...…………………………. 473 Analysis of the Storage Conditions of the Collection of Ethnographic Textiles in the Temporary Warehouse of Iron Gates Museum RECENZII I NOTE DE LECTURĂ Maria Basarab Anca Elisabeta Tatay, Cornel Tatai-Baltă, Xilogravura din cartea românească veche tipărită la Bucure ti (1582-1830) [The Woodcut in the Early Romanian Books Printed in Bucharest (15821830)], Cluj-Napoca, Ed. Mega, 2015, 516 p., (ISBN 978-606-543-647-3) ………………………... 485 Georgeta Deju Ioan Chindri , Niculina Iacob, Eva Mârza, Anca Elisabeta Tatay, Otilia Urs, Bogdan Crăciun, Roxana Moldovan, Ana Maria Roman-Negoi, Cartea românească veche în Imperiul Habsburgic (1691-1830). Recuperarea unei identităŃi culturale [Old Romanian Book in the Habsburg Empire (1691-1830). Recovery of a cultural identity], ClujNapoca, Ed. Mega, 2016, 1010 p., 1 hartă, (ISBN 978-606-543-733-3) ………………………………... 487 Ronald Hochhauser Viorel Rusu, Lucia Pop, Călătorie în universul ceasului. ColecŃia de orologerie [A Journey in the Universe of the Clock. The Horological Collection], ColecŃii Muzeale, V, Baia Mare, Ed. Eurotip, 2016, 100 p., (ISBN 978-606-617-244-8) ...……………… 491 Nicolae Dumbrăvescu Emil Arbonie, PoliŃi ti urbani arădeni (1929-1949) [Urban Policemen from Arad (1929-1949)], Arad, Ed. „Vasile Goldi ” University Press, 2017, 291 p., (ISBN 978-973-664-831-1) ………………............... 493 7 Daniel I. Iancu Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Muzeul din Deva. Arc peste timp [The Museum in Deva. Arch Over Time], ClujNapoca, Ed. Mega, 2017, 166 p., (ISBN 978-606543-887-3) …………………………………………. 497 Lista abrevierilor ………………………………………………………………….. 501 VTERE FELIX INSCRIBED RINGS DISCOVERED IN ROMAN DACIA ANA-CRISTINA HAMAT Muzeul Banatului Montan, Re iŃa anahamat@yahoo.com Keywords: Roman Empire, Dacia, jewellery, ring, VTERE FELIX, 2nd-3rd centuries AD Cuvinte cheie: Imperiul roman, Dacia, bijuterii, inel, VTERE FELIX, sec. II-III p.Chr. Among the inscribed jewellery discovered in Roman Dacia count also the rings decorated with the phrase VTERE FELIX, most identified in military or army related contexts, at Resculum – Bologa (1), Potaissa – Turda (3) and Aquae – Cioroiu Nou (1), to which add two examples found in burial contexts at Sucidava (1) and Dierna – Or ova (1). From the seven pieces discussed herein, three are worked of gold, other three are silver-made and one is in bronze. The inscription was incised on the bezel or ring body, beside the short or even complete versions of the phrase being also present two names, that of Valerius at Potaissa and Caeserius at Dierna. Although according to part of bibliography, rings in this class were assumed to conceal a most certain affiliation to Christianity, we believe they may be the exponents of a fashion trend that originated in the military environment, which later diffused in that civilian, where among others, it was also used to decorate jewellery. In Dacia, such rings start to emerge most surely from the end of the 2nd century AD, peaking in circulation during the first half of the 3rd century AD, in use, on the decreasing slope of the curve, until the 4th century AD. Due to the find context, we believe they were used by soldiers or civilians in connection with the army, without yet further dismissing the possibility that in part, they were also used as signet rings. Among the inscribed jewellery pieces1 discovered in the Roman province of Dacia counts a particular class of objects, namely that of the rings decorated with the acclamation VTERE FELIX. This class includes as well, beside rings, bracelets, necklaces and obviously gems and cameos2. All these jewellery pieces had a complex functionality3 and are rather numerous in the territory of the Roman province of Dacia4, which is explained by the fact they could be worn by both men and women, children and adults and are, in most cases, the markers of certain wealth, social standing or even religious choice of the family or individual wearing them5. In the class of the rings inscribed VTERE FELIX, count 7 examples discovered at Resculum – Bologa (1), Potaissa – Turda (3), Dierna – Or ova (1), Sucidava – Corabia (1) and Aquae – Cioroiu 1 Hamat 2014, p. 113-139; Hamat 2016, p. 85. Hamat 2014, p. 114; Hamat 2016, p. 85. 3 Such jewellery was ascribed various functions, from that aesthetic and apotropaic to that of markers visible to the society or even that of seals, some even fulfilling a double functionality (Hamat 2016, p. 85). 4 Hamat 2014, p. 114. 5 Hamat 2014, p. 114, 125. 2 Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis (S.N.), VIII, 2017, p. 57-70. 58 VTERE FELIX inscribed rings discovered in Roman Dacia Nou (1)6. The first piece of the kind identified in Romania is published in CIL III7, while later, in 1976, Nicolae Vlassa published the golden ring from Potaissa8. Over the time, they were catalogued in 1988 and then in 2002 by Nicolae Gudea and Ioan Ghiurco9, in 2005 Dorel Bondoc adding the piece identified at Cioroiu Nou10, with further additions in 2012, when Mihai Bărbulescu published the examples from Potaissa11. Short introduction The phrase VTERE FELIX was also used as VTI ME FELIX, seldom as VTERE FELICITER, but especially in the short form VF, V.T.F, VTI, or VTER(e) FELI(x), to which might add the owner’s name, that of the gods or even the acclamation VIVAS. It may be translated as “use (this) with luck”12. It decorated various ancient personal objects13, from jewellery14 to parts of military equipment15, brooches or buckles, Eucharistic spoons and various classes of objects of day to day life as mirrors or even pottery16, being found even on building materials17. Spreading at the scale of the entire empire18, with a chronology mainly encompassing the period of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD19, yet found in the 4th century AD20 as well, the phrase is known within the Roman Empire particularly in connection with objects originating in the military environment21, like belt fittings22. The bibliography on the issue of objects decorated with this formula in Dacia, references too mainly the finds in the military environment and presents especially Roman military equipment parts23, but also objects connected to the civil environment, like for instance pottery24 beside certain dress elements, among which we mention brooches25. Notable finds of jewellery inscribed with this phrase at the scale of the Roman Empire include a bracelet in the Hoxne hoard, inscribed VTERE FELIX DOMINA IULIANE26. Rings inscribed as such appear throughout the European territory 6 Horedt 1978, p. 214, 217, Abb. 7/1; Florescu, Miclea 1979, p. 38, cat. no. 70; Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, p. 174, cat. no. 5; Bondoc 2010, p. 169-170, cat. no. 96, pl. XXXVII/96a; Bărbulescu 2012, p. 249-251. 7 CIL III, 1639, 4. 8 Vlassa 1976, p. 217-218. 9 Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, p. 173. 10 Bondoc 2005, p. 10-11. 11 Bărbulescu 2012, p. 249-251. 12 Spier 2012, p. 42; Hamat 2016, p. 93; Bărbulescu 2012, p. 255. 13 Spier 2012, p. 42. 14 Apart from rings, also count bracelets like the one found in Hoxne hoard and inscribed with VTERE FELIX DOMINA IVLIANE (British Museum 1994, 0408.29). 15 Alexandrescu 2007, p. 242-248; Redžic 2008, p. 155. 16 It may be inscribed, painted, incised or applied, depending on the material (Alexandrescu 2007, p. 244). 17 Clayton 1977, p. 55. 18 Finds of decorated objects with this phrase stretch from Britannia to Syria. 19 Spier 2012, p. 42. 20 Especially the jewellery was dated to the period of the 3rd-4th centuries. 21 One of the best known examples is the belt from Lyon (Wuilleumier 1950, p. 146-148). 22 Petculescu 1991; Redžic 2008. 23 Petculescu 1991; Alexandrescu 2007, p. 242-248; Dinulescu 2011, p. 82-83; Bărbulescu 2012, p. 252- 254. 24 Bărbulescu 2012, p. 255. 25 Bărbulescu 2012, p. 255. 26 British Museum, collection number 1994, 0408.29. Ana-Cristina Hamat 59 of the empire, being present in finds and collections from Basel27, the Epinal Museum28, Mainz29, Trier30, Salona31, Carnuntum32 and Liptovská Mara33. In many cases, the inscription is completed with a name or other expressions. Thus, at Ragusa the established phrase is attached the acclamation VIVAS34, while in Pannonia, at Gerulata, a ring was incised with phrase VTERE FELIX IN DEO VINTIO35, while in Britannia a bracelet is inscribed with formula VTERE FELIX DOMINA IULIANE36. Such phrase may also be used on signet rings, case when a name adds37. Its presence on jewellery and especially on the rings discovered in Roman Dacia has arisen much debate in the past, in what their Christian nature38 is concerned, view disputed by part of the Romanian historiography39. We wish to mention Nelu Zugravu in particular, who drew attention to the fact that for the lack of any association with a specific mark, like for instance the cross or the Christogram, the acclamation, very popular in the pagan environment as well, should not be forcefully Christianised40. Find context (Fig. 1) Assumed for years as concealing certain affiliation to the Christian religion41, this distinct class of jewellery was in most cases discovered in military or army associated contexts. This is the case of the ring identified at Resculum, of the three specimens from Potaissa, as well as of the piece from Aquae – Cioroiu Nou42. Whilst two of the finds at Potaissa come precisely from the sewerage of the fort baths43, the specific find place of the golden ring discovered there is unknown44. We believe that this piece too, alike that from Resculum, may be framed to a military context. At Cioroiu Nou, the 2002 excavation campaign yielded a silver ring relevant here. It comes from the excavation made in the north-western corner of the fortification (S4, square 3, 0.30 m)45, near the building newly discovered in the 2002 campaign46. Other two jewellery pieces of the kind were identified in burial contexts, like for instance the example from Sucidava. At Dierna, a ring inscribed with the phrase is mentioned in bibliography as identified in a child’s grave, more specifically in a lead sarcophagus 27 CIL XIII, 1002499. CIL XIII, 1002498. 29 CIL XIII, 1002496a-b. 30 CIL XIII, 1002497. 31 Vlassa 1976, p. 217. 32 Humer 2009, cat. no. 1514-6 – all in silver, cat. no. 1554 – glass; Daňová 2012, I-137, II-233 cat. no. 480 – gold. 33 Daňová, Soják 2012, p. 190. 34 Vlassa 1976, p. 218. 35 Kolník 2001, p. 72. 36 Yeroulanou 2010, p. 44. 37 Hamat 2016, p. 98. 38 Vlassa 1976, p. 217; Zugravu 1997, p. 179; Benea 1999, p. 65-67; Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, p. 173. 39 Zugravu 1997, p. 179. 40 Madgearu 1994, p. 479-502; Zugravu 1997, p. 179; Bondoc 2005, p. 12. 41 Benea 1999, p. 65-67; Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, p. 173. 42 Cat. no. 1-4, 7. 43 Cat. no. 3-4. 44 Bărbulescu 1994, p. 176. 45 Bondoc 2005, p. 10. 46 Petculescu et al. 2003, p. 88-89. 28 60 VTERE FELIX inscribed rings discovered in Roman Dacia placed in a stone sarcophagus with gabled cover, the resting place of a child47. Still here, it is worth mentioning that other finds of Roman military equipment decorated with this acclamation48 are known at Potaissa and Sucidava49. Description. Typology The material of which these rings are made of, is not precisely that common in 50 Dacia , in terms of addressable market and raw material, quality and price ratio, three of them being worked of gold, other three of silver and one of bronze. This aligns to a state of facts for the finds at the scale of the empire, where the great majority of jewellery of the type is made of precious metals51. Each example herein has a simple shape and was likely worked in provincial workshops, according to the fashion and requirements of the local market and concordant to the owner’s interests. The sizes of these rings range from 1.2 cm and 2.5 cm, with the smallest inscribed with the name of Caeserius from Dierna. It is worth mentioning that small size does not exclude male owners, given the fashion of rings worn on the phalanx, as proven by observations on votive52 and funerary statues53, or the signet ring worn on the little finger, as reported by literary sources54. The inscription on the rings here was made by incising on the bezel or ring body the short version of the phrase, which is explainable owing to the small surface available for inscription. On the ring at Aquae – Cioroiu Nou the inscription was made on the central plate in the form of VTF55, alike that at Resculum and the golden ring at Potaissa. Typologically, these ring types may be included among those rings whose inscription is made directly on the body, framed, according to the inscription, in class E, beside those inscribed VIVA56. One of the rings at Potaissa, together with that at Dierna, has the inscription set on the loop. According to shape, the rings herein may be classified in three types, mirroring overall, a complex functionality. Type. 1. Ring with not delimited setting, convex shoulders and marked bezel. It corresponds to type IIIe for Gallia57, type III/a for Aquincum58, at Nazire Ergün it relates to type 2.859, at Emilie Riha to type 360, and in Bulgaria, to type VII61. This variety is spread on the entire European territory of the empire, both in silver and 47 Benea 1999, p. 65 Bărbulescu 2012, p. 252. 49 Redžić 2008, p. 159; IDR II, 226. 50 In this border province, precious metal jewellery remains rather rare by comparison with the neighbouring provinces of Pannonia and the two Moesias. 51 Beside the precious or common metal examples, there are glass or amber rings decorated with the phrase (Alexandrescu 2007, p. 244, see footnote 17; Humer, Kremer 2012, p. 325). 52 Bounegru et al. 2011, p. 72. 53 A good example is the funerary statue of a women from MNUAI, inv. no. R 296. 54 Hamat 2016. 55 Bondoc 2005, p. 10. 56 Hamat 2016, p. 92. 57 Guiraud 1989, p. 181. 58 Facsády 2009, p. 42. 59 Ergün 1997, p. 724, fig. 3. 60 Riha 1990, p. 33. 61 Ruseva-Slokoska 1991, p. 100. 48 Ana-Cristina Hamat 61 bronze, deemed metal copy of rings with convex shoulders and gemstone62. Upon the case, the shoulders may be decorated, the inscription may lay either on the bezel or set circularly starting from the shoulder continuing with the bezel and the other shoulder63. To this type belongs the ring discovered at Aquae – Cioroiu Nou64, worked in silver and dated to the 3rd century AD, and also the one from Resculum65. In the general chronology of the Roman Empire, the dating of the type comprises the period between the end of the 2nd century and the 3rd century AD66, found in finds from the following century included67. This type has several sub-types depending on shoulder height and setting, the ring in this catalogue having a heightened setting on to which the inscriptions were engraved. Type. 2. Ring with not delimited setting and round shoulders. It corresponds to type II, respectively variations d and g for Gallia68, 1.6 at Nazire Ergün69 and type V for Bulgaria70. In this type, the ring shoulders are wide and slightly rounded forming the setting, while the bezel is less marked71. Two rings discovered at Potaissa72 frame to this type. The dating at empire scale is rather broad, the type spanning chronologically over the 1st to 4th centuries AD, with most examples dating to the 3rd century AD, its second half and less in the 4th century AD73. The piece from Dacia was dated to the 3rd century AD, with a close parallel at Liptova74, outside empire borders. Type. 3. Simple loop. It corresponds at Nazire Ergün to type 875, in Gallia to type VIII, according to the typology drafted by Hélène Guiraud76. In Anamaria Facsády’s typology for Aquincum it relates to types IX-X77. Emilie Riha frames it to type 2978. In Bulgaria, it was framed to type III79, while Maria Bălăceanu frames it to type IX80 and Adriana Isac to type VII81. To the type belong the rings discovered at Potaissa82 and Dierna83. The description is very simple, it being the so-called simple loop without setting, the 62 Riha 1990, p. 33. Hamat 2016, p. 94. 64 Cat. no. 7. 65 Cat. no. 1. 66 Guiraud 1989, p. 185. 67 Ruseva-Slokoska 1991, p. 76. 68 Guiraud 1989, p. 181, fig. 11. 69 Ergün 1997, p. 719. 70 Ruseva-Slokoska 1991, p. 99. 71 Hamat 2016, p. 95. 72 Cat. no. 2-3. 73 Daňová, Soják 2012, p. 190. 74 Daňová, Soják 2012, p. 190, fig. 1-2. 75 Ergün 1997, p. 721, fig. 4. 76 Guiraud 1989, p. 197. 77 Facsády, Verebes 2009, fig. 1. 78 Riha 1990, pl. 14. 79 Ruseva-Slokoska 1991, p. 99. 80 Bălăceanu 1999, p. 116. 81 Isac, Gaiu 2006, p. 419. 82 Cat. no. 4. 83 Cat. no. 5. 63 62 VTERE FELIX inscribed rings discovered in Roman Dacia simplest possible shape easy to make. Band width varies, most specimens of the type being worked of gold, while late date Roman rings are decorated even in opus interrasile. Primary shape, the simple loop is found in both Greek and Etruscan traditions, related in most cases to the token of love between the lovers84, or being ascribed an apotropaic function in connection with the incantations incised on the ring body85. In the Roman world and Dacia, it has two subtypes: the simple loop and the multifaceted loop ring, both with several variations. The two examples here frame to the second subtype, both dated to the 3rd century AD86. Both subtypes survive until late in the Roman world as evidenced by the two golden polyhedral loops discovered at Patching-Sussex (Britannia) beside coins from Constans until Libius Severus87. Unfortunately, the ring discovered at Sucidava was impossible to frame, as it was lost and no photo survived. Chronology The dating of the rings present in the catalogue attached herein is much facilitated by the typological framing based on parallels within the Roman Empire. According to Nicolae Vlassa, this phrase emerges only after 250 AD 88, however based on ring typologies it may be reduced to even the end of the 2nd century AD. On military equipment elements, VTF emerges though sooner, during the second half of the 2nd century AD89, therefore this fashion diffuses too from the military to the civilian environment, where it was used to decorate various objects, some being jewellery pieces worn by both men and women and even children. Rings of the type are in use at least until early 4th century AD, compared to the military equipment, where the acclamation is found until the 3rd century90. Depending on the presence of such jewellery in hoards in association with Christian objects91, but also certain late Roman date Christian expressions adjoined, the phrase was connected with the Christian religion. Most pieces discussed here may be dated to the 3rd century AD based on find contexts. Thus, the ring at Aquae – Cioroiu Nou was dated by the excavators to the 3rd century AD92, similarly to the belt appliques93. In addition, the golden ring from Potaissa was dated by Nicoale Vlassa and then by Mihai Bărbulescu after 250 AD94. 84 A series of inscriptions incised on rings discovered in Britannia were related to this ritual. They were ascribed to the Christian religion by Ivana Popović, however in truth, some inscriptions may be related to the pagan world as well, like for instance parum te amo (Marshall 1911, p. 652; Popović, Popović 2002, p. 160). 85 Popović, Popović 2002, p. 160. 86 The rings with multifaceted inscribed loop dated to the second half of the 2nd century AD come from a child sarcophagus discovered at Durostorm, while in a burial at Viminacium a similar type was identified, with the loop inscribed in opus interrasile and dated to the second half of the 4th century AD (Popović, Donevski 1999, p. 23, cat. no. 1-2; Popović 2001, p. 254, cat. no. 24). 87 White et al. 1999, p. 301. 88 Vlassa 1976, p. 217. 89 Radman-Livaja 2008, p. 298. 90 Petculescu 1991, p. 393-394; Redžic 2008, p. 158. 91 Either the association of the formula on the same jewellery piece with Christian inscriptions like the case at Gerulata, or by association of such inscribed jewellery with Christian objects, like the case of Juliana bracelet in the hoard at Hoxne (Johns, Bland 1994, p. 173). 92 Bondoc 2005, p. 10-11. 93 Petculescu 1995, p. 119, 123. 94 Vlassa 1976, p. 216; Bărbulescu 1994, p. 176. Ana-Cristina Hamat 63 The rings from Resculum, Dierna and also Potaissa may be dated similarly, between the end of the 2nd century AD and the Roman withdrawal from Dacia. An exception is the ring discovered in the female burial from Sucidava, which seems to have been dated to the 2nd century AD, however, we believe it rather dates to the end of this century. Functionality and owners The find context of such jewellery may speak of their functionality and particularly provide information on the former owner. In general, these rings were discovered either in forts or just nearby them, therefore we believe that the hypothesis according to which their owners were both soldiers and individuals connected to the soldierly life is plausible. Even little Caeserius might have been son of a soldier. Obviously, part of the rings were believed signet rings, Nicolae Vlassa theorising that the short version of the phrase is indicative of a signet ring, with letters assumed to be the abbreviation of a tria nomina95, theory which today was dismissed owing to the numerous jewellery finds displaying the complete formula96. It is true though that a name may emerge beside this phrase, hence, we believe that in certain cases, these rings might have also been used for sealing. This may be the case of the ring of Valerius, whom we believe was one of the fortress inhabitants. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that most signet rings discovered in Dacia are worked of precious metals97, signets being rather important to the ancient peoples as when an individual died, the seal was either destroyed or on the contrary, inherited98 and therefore, the precious material may also be justified in this manner. Ancient sources mention seals used by soldiers to resolve various legal or even daily issues99. We may ask ourselves whether there was a connection between the golden rings in this catalogue, discovered in army related contexts and dated to the 3rd century AD and the fact that once with Septimius Severus, soldiers were granted the right to wear golden rings100. Conclusions Beside classical examples of beauty, jewellery in the Roman world was firstly indicative of social status and the mark of certain social, economic, professional or religious class, which was valid not only for both genders. We believe this is the case for most rings present in our catalogue, since most individuals wearing them were both soldiers and civilians likely connected with the army. The rings are incised with either the short version of the phrase or even the complete formula, some bearing also a male name, therefore they might have been used also as signet rings101. Recorded over time by part of the Romanian historiography as evidence of Christians present in Dacia prior Christianity became officially legal or even as Christian elements present in the Roman army, rings of the type may rather speak of the influence that the Roman army had on 95 Vlassa 1976, p. 217. Hamat 2016, p. 93. 97 Hamat 2016, p. 91. 98 Hamat 2016, p. 87. 99 Bowman, Thomas 2003, nr. 643. 100 Herodian, III, 8, 4. 101 Hamat 2016, p. 100-101. 96 64 VTERE FELIX inscribed rings discovered in Roman Dacia the daily life of the province. We believe they are the exponents of a fashion trend102 originating in the military environment103, as in fact recorded by the finds of rings inscribed with the phrase within the rest of the empire. The lack of Christian symbols attached to such an inscription, made in fact the more recent historiography cautious as regards the idea we are dealing, at least in Dacia’s case, with Christian objects104. It is important to mention that as opposed to belt fittings specific to the Danubian limes105, jewellery of the type was discovered throughout the Roman Empire, being rather specific to a chronological frame rather than a geographical area. Fig. 1. VTERE FELIX inscribed rings from Roman Dacia (processed after Google earth) (Accessed: 06.12.2017) ANNEX Catalogue106 Ring (Pl. I/1); Resculum – Bologa; silver; NM107; NM; silver ring inscribed VT(ere) F(elix); second half of the 3rd century; CIL III, 1639, 4; Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, p. 173; lost. 102 This hypothesis was also argued by Dorel Bondoc when discussing the find at Cioroiu Nou (Bondoc 2005, p. 11). 103 One should also mention that the fashion of assuming this phrase from military equipment pieces on jewellery is not singular, see the MNHMONEYE case (Hamat 2014, p. 121-122). 104 Madgearu 1994, p. 479-502; Zugravu 1997, p. 179; Bondoc 2005, p. 12. 105 Petculescu 1991, p. 393-394; Redžić 2008, p. 156. 106 Place of finding, material, sizes, technique, short description, dating, bibliography, place of keeping. 107 Not mentioned by the bibliography. Ana-Cristina Hamat 65 Ring (Pl. I/2); Potaissa – Turda; golden; d. = 1.6 cm, 2g; mould cast, incised; golden ring, bezel engraved with inscription VT. F; 3rd century AD108; Vlassa 1976, Gudea, Ghiurco 1988, p. 173; MNIT109, inv. no IV. 5232. Ring (Pl. I/4); Potaissa – Turda, baths – found on the bottom of sewerage I; silver; 2.5 × 1.9 cm, interior 1.9 × 1.4 cm; mould cast, engraving; silver ring, the oval bezel, delimited by the loop, bears engraved the inscription VT(ere) F(elix) VAL(erii); first half of the 3rd century AD – until the departure of the Roman legion from Potaissa110; Bărbulescu 2012, p. 249, cat. no. 54, fig. 133; MIT111, inv. no. 17043. Ring (Pl. I/3); Potaissa – Turda, baths – eastern wall of sewerage I; silver; 2 × 1.8 cm, interior 1.8 × 1.6 cm, loop width 0.5 cm; mould casting, engraving; silver ring, in the form of a multifaceted loop. The ring has 12 faces, ten being engraved VETERE FELIX♠♠; 2nd – first half of the 3rd century AD – until the departure of the Roman legion from Potaissa112; Bărbulescu 2012, p. 251, cat. no. 57, fig. 138-140; MIT, inv. no. 16327. Ring (Pl. I/5); Dierna – Or ova, child burial; golden; 1.2 × 1.3 cm, 1.43 g; hammering, incising; the piece is made of wide golden bar, hammered, the ring being polygonal and decorated with an inscription engraved in brief, with one letter on each side VTERE FELIX CAESARI113; 3rd century AD; Florescu, Miclea 1979, p. 38, cat. no. 70; Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, p. 173; KHM114, inv. no. VII b 60. Ring; Sucidava – Celei; bronze; NM; NM, incising; fragmentary bronze ring, surviving only the small plate on to which are incised letters VTERE FELIX; 3rd century AD; IDR II, no. 226; Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, p. 174, cat. no. 5; lost. Ring (Pl. I/6); Cioroiu Nou; silver; L = 2.5 × 2 cm, 5 g; NM; mould cast, incising; 3rd century AD; Petculescu et al. 2003, p. 89; Bondoc 2005, p. 10; Petolescu 2005, p. 78, cat. no. 102; Bondoc 2007, p. 39; MOC115 15610. Bibliography Herodian Alexandrescu 2007 108 – Herodian, Erodiano. Istoria dell' Imperio dopo Marco. Libri otto, dal greco in italiano recati P. Manzi, Milano, 1823. – C. G. Alexandrescu, VTERE FELIX – O închizătoare de tip balteus din colecŃia Muzeului NaŃional de AntichităŃi din Bucure ti, in vol. ed. F. Fodorean, S. Nemeti, E. Nemeth, Dacia Felix. Studia Michaeli Bărbulescu Oblata, Cluj-Napoca, 2007, p. 242-249. Dated to the 2nd-3rd centuries AD in bibliography (Gudea, Ghiurco 1988, p. 173). National Museum of Transylvanian History, Cluj-Napoca. 110 Pâslaru 2006-2007, p. 81-85; Matei 2015, p. 171-172. 111 History Museum of Turda. 112 Pâslaru 2006-2007, p. 81-85; Matei 2015, p. 171-172. 113 Florescu and Miclea read the inscription as Ute geseri (Florescu, Miclea 1979, 38, cat. no. 70). 114 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. 115 Museum of Oltenia, Craiova. 109 66 Bălăceanu 1999 Bărbulescu 1994 Benea 1999 Bondoc 2005 Bondoc 2007 Bondoc 2010 Bounegru et al. 2011 Bowman, Thomas 2003 Clayton 1977 Daňová 2012 Daňová, Soják 2012 Dinulescu 2011 Ergün 1997 Facsády 2009 Facsády, Verebes 2009 Florescu, Miclea 1979 Gudea, Ghiurco 2002 Guiraud 1989 Hamat 2014 Hamat 2016 Horedt 1978 VTERE FELIX inscribed rings discovered in Roman Dacia – M. Bălăceanu, Podoabe din Oltenia romană. Inele, in Drobeta, IX, 1999, p. 110-127. – M. Bărbulescu, Potaissa. Studiu Monografic, Turda, 1994. – D. Benea, Dacia sud-vestică în secolele III-IV, vol. II, Timi oara, 1999. – D. Bondoc, VTERE FELIX pe un inel roman de argint descoperit la Cioroiul Nou, comuna Cioroia i, judeŃul Dolj, in AUC S FLLC, II, 1-2, 2005, p. 9-15. – D. Bondoc, Tezaurul Muzeului Olteniei Craiova. Antichitate, Craiova, 2007. – D. Bondoc, Cioroiu Nou. 100 Descoperiri Arheologice. One Hundred Archaeological Discoveries, Craiova, 2010. – G. Bounegru, R. Ciobanu, R. Ota, D. Anghel, Lux, util i estetic la Apulum. Podoabe i accesorii vestimentare. Catalog de expoziŃie, Alba Iulia, 2011. – A. K. Bowman, J. D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets, III, London, 2003. – P. A. Clayton, Gold in the Late Roman Empire, in Gold Bull, 10, 2, 1977, p. 54-56. – M. Daňová, Rímsky zlatý šperk v Panónii Superior. Nepublikovaná dizertačná práca, Trnava, 2012. – M. Daňová, M. Soják, Prsteň s nápisom Utere Felix z Liptova, in Zborník SNM, 22, 2012, p. 189-192. – P. Dinulescu, Piese de echipament militar roman descoperite pe Limesul Danubian. Cu privire specială asupra provinciei Dacia i a celor două Moesii, in BHAUT, XIII, 2011, p. 77-100. – N. Ergün, Der Ring als Statussymbol, in KölnerJahrb, 32, 1997, p. 713-725. – A. R. Facsády, Aquincumi ékszerek. Jewellery in Aquincum, Budapest, 2009. – A. R. Facsády, A. Verebes, Analysis of Roman Bronze Finger Rings from Aquincum, in MMP, 24, 2009, p. 993-998. – R. Florescu, I. Miclea, Tezaure transilvane la Kunsthistorisches Museum din Viena, Bucure ti, 1979. – N. Gudea, I. Ghiurco, Din istoria cre tinismului la români. Mărturii arheologice, Cluj-Napoca, 2002. – H. Guiraud, Bagues et anneaux a l’ epoque romaine en Gaule, in Gallia, 46, 1989, p. 173-211. – A.-C. Hamat, Bijuterii cu inscripŃie din provincia romană Dacia. I. Pietre gravate, in BHAUT, 14, 2014, p. 113-129. – A.-C. Hamat, Inelele sigilare descoperite pe teritoriul Daciei Romane, in Sargetia (S.N.), VII, 2016, p. 85-108. – K. Horedt, Die Städtischen Siedlung Siebenbürgens in Spätrömischer Zeit, in Sargetia, XIV, 1978, p. 203-217. Ana-Cristina Hamat Humer 2009 67 – F. Humer, Von Kaisern und Bürgern. Antike Kostbarkeiten aus Carnuntm. Austellungskatalog, Vienna, 2009. Humer, Kremer 2012 – F. Humer, G. Kremer (ed.), Götterbilder – Menschenbilder. Religion und Kulte in Carnuntum, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, 2012. Isac, Gaiu 2006 – A. Isac, C. Gaiu, Roman Jewellery from Ili ua. A Typological Study (I), in vol. ed. C. Gaiu, C. Găzdac, Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae. Studia in honorem magistri Demetri Protase, BistriŃa, Cluj-Napoca, 2006, p. 415-431. Johns, Bland 1994 – C. Johns, R. Bland, The Hoxne Late Roman Treasure, in Britannia, 25, 1994, p. 165-173. Kolník 2001 – T. Kolník, Kontakty raného kresťanstva s územiami strednej Európy vo svelte archeologických a historických prameňov, in SASM, 3-4, 2001, p. 51-92. Madgearu 1994 – A. Madgearu, Romanizare i cre tinare la nordul Dunării în secolele IV-VII, in AIIAI, 31, 1994, p. 479-502. Marshall 1911 – F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Jewellery, Greek, Etruscan and Roman in the Departaments of Antiquities, British Museum, London, 1911. Matei 2015 D. Matei, The Roman castra from Dacia during the “Military Anarchy” time. II. Their Baths and the Issue of External Dislocations of the Province's Troops in this Interval, in Ziridava, 29, 2015, p. 157-190. Pâslaru 2006-2007 – M. Pâslaru, Noi descoperiri monetare în termele de la Potaissa, in CN, XII-XIII, 2006-2007, p. 79-87. Petculescu 1991 – L. Petculescu, VTERE FELIX and OPTIME MAXIME CON(SERVA) mounts from Dacia, in vol. ed. V. A. Maxfield, M. J. Dobson, Roman Frontier Studies 1989: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Exeter, 1991, p. 392-396. Petculescu et al. 2003 – L. Petculescu, D. Bondoc, D. Bălteanu, S. RăduŃă, Cioroiu Nou, com. Cioroia i, jud. Dolj, in CCA, campania 2002, Covasna, 2003, p. 88-89. Petolescu 2005 – C. C. Petolescu, InscripŃii latine din Dacia, Bucure ti, 2005. Popović 2001 – I. Popović, Late Roman and Early Byzantine Gold Jewelry in National Museum in Belgrad, Belgrade, 2001. Popović, Donevski – I. Popović, P. Donevski, Gold Jewelry from Durostorum 1999 Burials, Svishtov, 1999. Popović, Popović – I. Popović, A. V. Popović, Greek Inscription on Golden 2002 Finger Ring from National Museum in Belgrad, in Starinar (N.S.), 52, 2002, p. 157-161. Radman-Livaja 2008 – I. Radman-Livaja, Roman Belt-fittings from Burgenae, in JRMES, 16, 2008, p. 295-308. Redžic 2008 – S. Redžić, Vtere Felix Belts Sets on the Territory of Viminacium, in Starinar (N.S.), 58, 2008, p. 155-162. 68 Riha 1990 Ruseva-Slokoska 1991 Spier 2012 Vlassa 1976 White et al. 1999 Wuilleumier 1950 Yeroulanou 2010 Zugravu 1997 VTERE FELIX inscribed rings discovered in Roman Dacia – E. Riha, Der Römische Schmuck aus Augst und Kaiseraugust, Augst, 1990. – L. Ruseva-Slokoska, Roman Jewellery. A Collection of the National Archaeological Museum – Sofia, Sofia, 1991. – J. Spier, Byzantium and the West: Jewelry in the First Millennium, London, 2012. – N. Vlassa, Două noi piese paleocre tine din Transilvania, in ActaMN, XIII, 1976, p. 215-230. – S. White, J. Manley, R. Jones, J. Orna-Ornstein, C. Johns, A Mid – Fifth Century Hoard of Roman an Pseudo-roman Material from Patching, West Sussex, in Britannia, 30, 1999, p. 301-315. – P. Wuilleumier, La bataille de 197, in Gallia, 8, 1950, p. 146-148. – A. Yeroulanou, Important Bracelets in Early Christian and Byzantine Art, in vol. ed. C. Entwistle, N. Adams, „Intelligible” Beauty. Recent Research on Byzantine Jewellery, London, 2010, p. 40-49. – N. Zugravu, Geneza cre tinismului popular al românilor, BiblThrac, XVIII, Bucure ti, 1997. Ana-Cristina Hamat 69 Pl. I. 1-6. VTERE FELIX inscribed rings from roman Dacia. 1. Ring found at Resculum – Bologa (after Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, pl. XVII); 2. Ring found at Potaissa – Turda (after Vlassa 1976, fig. 1/1a-1b); 3. Ring found at Potaissa – Turda (after Bărbulescu 2012, p. 249, cat. no. 54, fig. 133); 4. Ring found at Potaissa – Turda (after Bărbulescu 2012, p. 251, cat. no. 57, fig. 140); 5. Ring found at Dierna – Or ova (after Florescu, Miclea 1979, p. 38, cat. no. 70); 6. Ring found at Aquae – Cioroiu Nou (after Bondoc 2007, p. 39, fig. 22) 70 VTERE FELIX inscribed rings discovered in Roman Dacia Inele cu inscripŃia VTERE FELIX descoperite în Dacia romană Rezumat Printre bijuteriile cu inscripŃie descoperite pe teritoriul Daciei Romane se numără i inele decorate cu formula VTERE FELIX (Fig. 1, Pl. I/1-6). Cele mai multe dintre ele provin din contexte militare sau legate de armată, din siturile de epocă romană de la Resculum – Bologa (1), Potaissa – Turda (3), Aquae – Cioroiu Nou (1), alături de care avem i două piese apărute în contexte funerare, la Sucidava – Corabia (1) i Dierna – Or ova (1). Între cele apte piese luate în discuŃie, trei sunt lucrate din aur, alte trei din argint, iar una din bronz. InscripŃia a fost executată prin incizare pe aton sau pe corpul inelului, alături de formula prescurtată sau chiar întreagă, fiind prezente uneori i nume, în cazul nostru Valerius la Potaissa i Caeserius la Dierna. De i, conform bibliografiei mai vechi, inelele din această categorie au fost bănuite a ascunde o afiliere mai mult ca sigură la religia cre tină, credem că ele pot fi mai degrabă considerate exponente ale unei mode care a pornit din mediul militar i s-a răspândit mai apoi în mediul civil, unde, printre altele, a fost folosită i pentru a decora bijuteriile. Din punct de vedere tipologic, inelele pot fi încadrate în trei mari categorii. Tipul 1 este reprezentat de inelul cu corpul i montura un întreg, umerii convec i i aton demarcat, tip în care se înscriu artefactele descoperite la Resculum – Bologa i Aquae – Cioroiu Nou. Tipul 2, inelul cu corpul i montura un întreg i umeri rotunjiŃi, unde poate fi regăsită una dintre piesele descoperite la Potaissa – Turda. i tipul 3, inelul verighetă, reprezenat prin două descoperiri, de la Potaissa – Turda i de la Dierna – Or ova. Din păcate pentru piesa de la Sucidava, nu s-a mai păstrat o documentaŃie foto, ea fiind pierdută azi i, prin urmare, nu a mai putut fi încadrată. Pe teritoriul Daciei, aceste inele încep să apară cu siguranŃă de la finalul secolului al II-lea p.Chr., punctul maxim de circulaŃie fiind reprezentat de prima jumătate a secolului al III-lea p.Chr., pe panta descendentă a curbei fiind folosite până în secolul al IV-lea p.Chr. Datorită contextului de descoperire, probabil că ele au fost folosite de către militari sau de către civili care aveau legătură cu armata i nu excludem posibilitatea ca o parte dintre acestea să fi fost folosite ca inele sigilare. Lista ilustraŃiilor Fig. 1. Inele cu inscripŃia VTERE FELIX descoperite în Dacia romană (prelucrare după Google earth) (Accesat: 06.12.2017) Pl. I. 1-6. Inele cu inscripŃia VTERE FELIX descoperite în Dacia romană. 1. Inel descoperit la Resculum – Bologa (după Gudea, Ghiurco 2002, pl. XVII); 2. Inel descoperit la Potaissa – Turda (după Vlassa 1976, fig. 1/1a-1b); 3. Inel descoperit la Potaissa – Turda (după Bărbulescu 2012, p. 249, cat. no. 54, fig. 133); 4. Inel descoperit la Potaissa – Turda (după Bărbulescu 2012, p. 251, cat. no. 57, fig. 140); 5. Inel descoperit la Dierna – Or ova (după Florescu, Miclea 1979, p. 38, cat. no. 70); 6. Inel descoperit la Aquae – Cioroiu Nou (după Bondoc 2007, p. 39, fig. 22) LISTA ABREVIERILOR AA – Analele Aradului, Arad. ACSPA – Anuarul Colegiului Studenţesc de Performanţă Academică, Cluj-Napoca. ActaArchHung – Acta Archaeologica Hungaricana, Budapest. ActaC – Acta Carpatica. Anuarul românilor din sud-estul Transilvaniei, Sfântu Gheorghe. ActaHAB – Acta Historiae Artium Balticae, Vilnius. ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca. ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău. ActaS – Acta Siculica, Muzeul Naţional Secuiesc, Sf. Gheorghe. ActaTS – Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Sibiu. AÉ – L’année épigraphique, Paris. AHR – The American Historycal Review, Oxford University Press. AIIAI – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie Iaşi, Iaşi. AIIC – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „George Bariţiu” din Cluj, Cluj-Napoca. AM – Arheologia Moldovei, Iaşi. AMSCEU – Annual of Medieval Studies at Central European University, Budapest. Anatolian Metal – Anatolian Metal, Bochum. AnB (S.N.) – Analele Banatului, Serie Nouă, Timişoara. AnD – Analele Dobrogei, Cernăuţi. Antaeus – Communicationes ex Instituto Archaeologico Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest. Antiquity – Antiquity, Cambridge. Apulum – Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia. ArchKorr – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt: Urgeschichte, Römerzeit, Frühmittelalter, Mainz. Archaeolingua, MS – Archaeolingua, Main Series, Budapest. Archaeolingua, SM – Archaeolingua, Series Minor, Budapest. ArchÉrt – Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest. ArchInf – Archäologische Informationen. Mitteilungen zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Bonn. Arheovest – Arheovest, Timişoara. ArhSom – Arhiva Someşană, Năsăud. AstS – Astra Salvensis, Salva. AUASH – Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, Alba Iulia. A. U. C. I. Parhon, Ser. Şt. Nat., Geol.-Geogr – Analele Universităţii C. I. Parhon, Seria Şiinţele Naturii. Geologie-Geografie, Bucureşti. AUC SŞFLLC – Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Ştiinţe Filologice. Limbi şi Literaturi Clasice, Craiova. AUVTSAH – Annales d’Université Valahia Targoviste, Section d’Archéologie et d’Histoire, Târgovişte. BA – Biblioteca de Arheologie, Bucureşti. BAHC – Bibliotheca Archaeologica et Historica Corvinensis, Hunedoara. BAM – Brukenthal Acta Musei, Sibiu. Banatica – Banatica, Reşiţa. Banatul Românesc – Banatul Românesc, Timişoara. BAR IS – British Archaeological Reports International Series, Oxford. BB – Bibliotheca Brukenthal, Sibiu. BCŞS – Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti, Alba Iulia. BECA – Buletinul Episcopiei Cetăţii Albe – Ismail, Ismail. BHAB – Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica, Timişoara. 502 Lista abrevierilor BHAUT – Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis, Timişoara. BiblAM – Bibliotheca Archaeologica Moldaviae, Iaşi. BiblEN – Bibliotheca Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca. BiblIP SA – Biblioteca Istro-Pontică, Seria Arheologie, Brăila. BiblMA – Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia. BiblMD – Bibliotheca Musei Devensis, Deva. BiblThrac – Bibliotheca Thracologica, Bucureşti. BMA – Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis, Piatra Neamţ. BMB SH – Biblioteca Muzeului Bistriţa, Seria Historica, Bistriţa. BMN – Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca. BMS – Bibliotheca Musei Sabesiensis, Sebeş. Boabe de grâu – Boabe de grâu, Bucureşti. Britannia – Britannia A Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies, The Society for Promotion of Roman Societies, London. BS – Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis, Sibiu. BUA – Bibliotheca Universitatis Apulensis, Alba Iulia. BVBL – Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter, München. Caietele CIVA – Caietele CIVA, Alba Iulia. CambArchaeolJ – Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Cambridge. CC – Cultura Creştină, Blaj. CCA – Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice. CCDJ – Cultură şi Civilizaţie la Dunărea de Jos, Călăraşi. CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin. Clujul – Clujul, Cluj. CM – Collegium Mediense, Mediaş. CN – Cercetări Numismatice, Bucureşti. Concordia – Concordia, Pest. Confluenţe – Confluenţe, Satu Mare. ConvLit – Convorbiri Literare, Bucureşti. Corviniana – Acta Musei Corvinensis, Hunedoara. Crisia – Crisia, Oradea. Cumidava – Cumidava, Braşov. Dacia (N.S.) – Revue d'Archéologie et d'Histoire Ancienne, Nouvelle Série, Bucharest. Dacia. Cotidianul Banatului – Dacia. Cotidianul Banatului şi al graniţei de vest, Timişoara. Das Altertum – Das Altertum, Berlin. Der Anschnitt – Zeitschrift für Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau, Bochum. DissArch – Dissertationes Archaeologicae, Budapest. Dolgozatok (Ú.S.) – Az Erdélyi Múzeum Érem-És Régiségtárából, Új Sorozat, Kolozsvár. DP – Documenta Praehistorica, Ljubljana. Dreptatea – Dreptatea, Bucureşti. Drobeta – Drobeta, Drobeta Turnu Severin. EL – Erdélyi Látképek, Cluj-Napoca. EphNap – Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca. Eur. J. Mineral – European Journal of Mineralogy, Stuttgart. Familia – Familia, Oradea. Fcr – Flori de crin, Şimleu Silvaniei. Foaie – Foaie pentru minte, inimă şi literatură, Braşov. FoliaArch – Folia Archaeologica, Budapest. FöldKözl – Földtani Közlöny, Budapest. Fruncea – Fruncea, Timişoara. Gallia – Gallia. Fouilles et Monuments Archéologiques en France Métropolitaine, Paris. Lista abrevierilor 503 Gold Bull – Gold Bulletin. Journal of Gold Science, Technology and Applications, New York. GTr – Gazeta Transilvaniei, Braşov. HAdW – Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Heidelberg. HAWM – Heidelberger Akademie Der Wissenschaften. Monographien, Heidelberg. HPL – Hungarian Polis Studies, Debrecen. HTRTÉ – A Hunyadmegyei Történelmi és Régészeti Társulat Évkönyve, Budapest, Deva. Hunyad – Hunyad. Politikai, közgazdaságiésvegyestartalmuhirlap, Deva. Hunyadvármegye –Hunyadvármegye. Politikai, közgazdaságiésvegyestartalmuhirlap, Deva. IDR – Inscripţiile Daciei Romane, Bucureşti. IEC – Interferenţe Etnice şi Culturale, Cluj-Napoca. Instrumentum – Instrumentum. Bulletin du Groupe de Travail Europeen sur L’Artisanat et les Productions Manufacturees dans L’Antiquite, Montagnac. Istros – Istros, Brăila. Învăţătorul poporului – Învăţătorul poporului, Blaj. JFA – Journal of Field Archaeology, Boston. JKKCC – Jahrbuch der Kaiserl. Königl. Central-Commission, Wien. JPMÉ – Jánnus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve, Pécs. JRA – Journal of Roman Archaeology, Portsmouth, Rhode Island. JRMES – Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies. JRS – Journal of Roman Studies, London. Keresztény Magvető – Keresztény Magvető, Kolozsvári Unitárius Lelkészek és Tanárok, Kolozsvártt. KölnerJahrb – Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Cologne. Levant – Levant, Journal of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and the British Institute at Amman for Archaeology and History, London. Lohanul– Lohanul. Magazin Cultural-ştiinţific, Huşi. Luptătorul Bănăţean – Luptătorul Bănăţean, Timişoara. Lychnological Acts – Lychnological Acts, Cluj-Napoca. MAA – Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Rhodes. Marisia – Marisia, Târgu-Mureş. Marmatia – Marmatia, Baia Mare. Manas – Manas, Berkshires. MCA – Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, Bucureşti. MENGA – Revista de Prehistoria de Andalucía, Sevilla. MMP – Materials and Manufacturing Processes, London. MSTRT – Monográfiák a Szegedi Tudományegyetem Régészeti Tanszékéről, Szeged. Nădejdea – Nădejdea, Timişoara. Nemzet – Nemzet, Pest. OPA – The Old Potter’s Almanack, London. Ősrégészeti Tanulmányok – Ősrégészeti Tanulmányok, Budapest. OTTÉ – Orvos-Természettudományi Értesítő, Kolozsvárt. PA – Patrimonium Apulense, Alba-Iulia. PAS – Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Kiel, München, Berlin. Patrimonium – Patrimonium, Bucureşti. PBF – Praehistorische Bronzefunde, Berlin. Perspective istorice – Perspective istorice. Revista Asociaţiei Profesorilor de Istorie din România „Clio”, Filiala Hunedoara, Deva. Pontica – Pontica, Constanţa. Proceedings Deva – Proceedings Deva, Deva. PZ – Praehistorische Zeitschrift, Berlin. Răvaşul – Răvaşul, Cluj. 504 Lista abrevierilor RBNR – Revista Bibliotecii Naţionale a României, Bucureşti. Realitatea Ilustrată – Realitatea Ilustrată, Cluj. Restitutio – Buletin de Conservare-Restaurare, Bucureşti. RevMuz – Revista Muzeelor, Bucureşti. Rev. Roum. GÉOLOGIE – Revue Roumaine de GÉOLOGIE, Bucureşti. RISBC – Revista Institutului Social Banat-Crişana, Timişoara. RRH – Revue Roumaine d’Histoire, Bucureşti. Rom. Jour. Min. Dep. – Romanian Journal of Mineral Deposits, Bucureşti. RST – Research and Science Today, Târgu Jiu. Sargetia (S.N.) – Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis, Serie Nouă, Deva. Sargetia Naturae – Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis, Series Scientiae Naturae, Deva. SASM – Studia Archaeologica Slovaca Mediaevalia, Bratislava. Schweiz Mineral Petrogr Mitt – Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, Zürich. SCIV(A) – Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie, Bucureşti. Scînteia – Scînteia, Bucureşti. SEER – The Slavonic and East European Review, London. Series Byzantina – Series Byzantina, Warszawa. SMMIM – Studii şi materiale de muzeografie şi istorie militară, Bucureşti. Societatea de Mâine – Societatea de Mâine, Cluj. SP – Studii de Preistorie, Bucureşti. SSEEP – Studies into South-East European Prehistory, Suceava. SŞC – Studii de ştiinţă şi cultură, Arad. Starinar (N.S.) – Starinar, Organ Srpskog Arheološkog Drustva, Nouvelle Série, Beograd. StComCS – Studii şi Comunicări de Etnografie şi Istorie, Caransebeş. StudIP – Studii de Istoria Presei, Iaşi. SUCSH – Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis, Serie Historica, Sibiu. Symposium – Symposium. Revista de Ştiinţe Socio-Umane, Institutul de Cercetări Economice şi Sociale „Gheorghe Zane” Iaşi. TD – Thraco-Dacica, Bucureşti. Terra Sebus – Terra Sebus, Sebeş. Tibiscum (S.N.) – Tibiscum, Serie Nouă, Caransebeş. Tibiscus – Tibiscus, Timişoara. TIR – Tabula Imperii Romani, Budapest. TLVH – Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle, Halle (Saale). Transilvania – Transilvania, Sibiu. Transylvanian Review – Transylvanian Review, Cluj-Napoca. Tribuna – Tribuna, Cluj-Napoca. VAH – Varia Archaeologica Hungarica, Budapest. Vasárnapi Ujság – Vasárnapi Ujság, Budapest. Vestul – Vestul, Timişoara. Vrancea – Vrancea. Studii şi Comunicări, Focşani. Veg Hist Archaeobot – Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Berlin. Verenamüster Zürzach – Verenamüster Zürzach, Ausgraungen und Bauntersuchunge, Zürich. Voinţa Banatului – Voinţa Banatului, Timişoara. WorldArch – World Archaeology, London. Zborník SNM – Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea, Bratislava. Zbiciul – Zbiciul, Timişoara. Ziridava – Ziridava, Arad.